Thursday, May 23, 2019

Elizabeth I Research Paper Essay

I, Over facial expressionElizabeth I (known simply as Elizabeth until the accession of Elizabeth II 7 September 1533 24 March 1603) was mogul regnant of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Some durations called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana or better Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the fifth and hold monarch of the Tudor dynasty. The daughter of Henry octette, she was born(p) a princess, just her mother, Anne Boleyn, was executed two and a half years afterward her birth.1Elizabeth was a different kind of Queen quick-witted, clever and able to use of goods and services feminine wiles to get her own way. Elizabeth could be as ruthless and calculating as any king in the first place her but at the same time she was vain, sentimental and easily swayed by flattery. She liked to surround herself with attractive people and her portraits were carefully vetted to make sure that no physical flaws were ever revealed. She relied upon the ministers close to her but would in furiate them with her indecision It makes me weary of animation, remarked one. Faced with a dilemma for example whether or not to sign the execution warrant of Mary Queen of Scotch Elizabeth would busy herself with other matters for months on end. Only when the patience of her ministers was running short would she be forced to make up her mind. She had a formidable intellect, and her sharp idiom would quickly settle any argument in her favour.2II,Early lifeElizabeth was the only child of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, who did not bear a male replacement and was executed less than three years after Elizabeths birth. Elizabeth was born at Greenwich Palace and was named after both her grandmothers, Elizabeth of York and Elizabeth Howard.5 She was the sulphur child of Henry VIII of England born in wedlock to survive infancy. Her mother was Henrys second wife, Anne Boleyn. When Elizabeth was two years and eight months old, her mother was executed on 19 May 1536.8 Elizabeth was decl ared illegitimate and deprived of the title of princess1Source WikipediaElizabeth is favorably contrasted to her half-blood sister, Mary I but she was lucky to live longer than her. Her early life was full of uncertainties, and her chances of succeeding to the throne seemed rattling slight once her half-brother Edward was born in 1537. She was then third in line behind her papistic Catholic half-sister, Princess Mary. Roman Catholics, indeed, always considered her illegitimate and she only narrowly escaped execution in the wake of a failed rebellion against Queen Mary in 1554. Elizabeth succeeded to the throne on her half-sisters death in November 1558. She was very well-educated (fluent in six langu get on withs), and had inherited intelligence, determination and shrewdness from both parents. 3III, Elizabeths Reign2Her 45-year eclipse is generally considered one of the most glorious in position history. During it a secure Church of England was established. Its doctrines were la id down in the 39 Articles of 1563, a compromise between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism. Elizabeth herself refused to make windows into mens souls there is only one Jesus Christ and all the rest is a battle over trifles she asked for outward uniformity. Most of her subjects accepted the compromise as the basis of their faith, and her church settlement probably saved England from religious wars like those which France suffered in the second half of the 16th century. Although autocratic and capricious, Elizabeth had astute political judgement and chose her ministers well these included Burghley (Secretary of State), Hatton (Lord Chancellor) and Walsingham (in charge of intelligence and also a Secretary of State). Overall, Elizabeths government activity consisted of some 600 officials administering the great offices of state, and a similar number dealing with the Crown lands (which funded the administrative costs).Social and economic regulation and law and order remained in the manpower of the sheriffs at local level, supported by unpaid justices of the peace. Elizabeths reign also saw many brave voyages of discovery, including those of Francis Drake, Walter Raleigh and Humphrey Gilbert, particularly to the Americas. These expeditions prepared England for an age of colonisation and trade expansion, which Elizabeth herself recognised by establishing the East India Company in 1600. The arts flourished during Elizabeths reign. Country houses such as Longleat and Hardwick Hall were built, miniature pictorial matter reached its high point, theatres thrived the Queen attended the first performance of Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream. Composers such as William Byrd and Thomas prayer shawl worked in Elizabeths court and at the Chapel Royal, St. Jamess Palace.The image of Elizabeths reign is one of triumph and success. The Queen herself was often called Gloriana, Good Queen Bess and The Virgin Queen. Investing in expensive clothes and jewellery (to look th e part, like all contemporary sovereigns), she cultivated this image by touring the country in regional visits known as progresses, often riding on horseback rather than by carriage. Elizabeth made at least 25 progresses during her reign. However, Elizabeths reign was one of considerable danger and difficulty for many, with threats of onslaught from Spain through Ireland, and from France through Scotland. Much of northern England was in rebellion in 1569-70. A papal bull of 1570 specifically released Elizabeths subjects from their allegiance, and she passed harsh laws against Roman Catholics after plots against her life were discovered. One such plot involved Mary, Queen of Scots, who had fled to England in 1568 after her second husbands murder and her subsequent matrimony to a man believed to have been involved in his murder.As a likely renewal to Elizabeth, Mary spent 19 years as Elizabeths prisoner because Mary was the focus for rebellion and possible assassination plots, such as the Babington piece of 1586. Mary was also a temptation for potential invaders such as Philip II. In a letter of 1586 to Mary, Elizabeth wrote, You have planned to take my life and fall my kingdom I never proceeded so harshly against you. Despite Elizabeths reluctance to take drastic action, on the insistence of sevens and her advisers, Mary was tried, establish guilty and executed in 1587. In 1588, aided by bad weather, the incline navy scored a great victory over the Spanish invasion fleet of around 130 ships the Armada. The Armada was intended to overthrow the Queen and re-establish Roman Catholicism by conquest, as Philip II believed he had a claim to the English throne through his marriage to Mary. During Elizabeths long reign, the nation also suffered from high prices and severe economic depression, especially in the countryside, during the 1590s.The war against Spain was not very successful after the Armada had been beaten and, together with other campaigns, it wa s very costly. Though she kept a tight rein on government expenditure, Elizabeth left extensive debts to her successor. Wars during Elizabeths reign are estimated to have cost over 5 million (at the prices of the time) which Crown revenues could not match in 1588, for example, Elizabeths total one-year revenue amounted to some 392,000. Despite the combination of financial strains and prolonged war after 1588, Parliament was not summoned more often. There were only 16 sittings of the park during Elizabeths reign, five of which were in the period 1588-1601. Although Elizabeth freely used her power to veto legislation, she avoided confrontation and did not attempt to define Parliaments entire position and rights. Elizabeth chose never to marry.If she had chosen a foreign prince, he would have drawn England into foreign policies for his own advantages (as in her sister Marys marriage to Philip of Spain) marrying a fellow countryman could have drawn the Queen into factional infighti ng. Elizabeth used her marriage prospects as a political tool in foreign and municipal policies.However, the Virgin Queen was presented as a selfless woman who sacrificed personal happiness for the good of the nation, to which she was, in essence, married. Late in her reign, she addressed Parliament in the so-called Golden Speech of 1601 when she told MPs There is no jewel, be it of never so high a price, which I set before this jewel I mean your love. She seems to have been very popular with the vast majority of her subjects.III, OverallOverall, Elizabeths always shrewd and, when necessary, decisive leadership brought successes during a period of great danger both at home and abroad. She died at Richmond Palace on 24 March 1603, having become a allegory in her lifetime. The date of her accession was a national holiday for two hundred years.3 Elizabeth was a master of political science. She inherited her fathers supremacist view of the monarchy, but showed great wisdom by refusing to directly antagonize Parliament.She acquired undying devotion from her advisement council, who were constantly perplexed by her habit of waiting to the last minute to make decisions (this was not a deficiency in her makeup, but a tactic that she used to advantage). She used the various factions (instead of being used by them), playing one off another until the exhausted combatants came to her for resolution of their grievances. Few English monarchs enjoyed such political power, while still maintaining the devotion of the whole of English society.2Resources Information1http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_EnglandMarriage_question 2 http//www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/elizabeth_i_01.shtml 3http//www.royal.gov.uk/historyofthemonarchy/kingsandqueensofengland/thetudors/elizabethi.aspx

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